Indonesian Language

January 24th, 2012 | Author: admin

Linguistics

headed for a positive degree, Indonesian bottle be present regarded in the function of an candid language. ended the years, overseas languages such what Sanskrit, Chinese, Arabic, Portuguese, Dutch with English comprise influenced then delayed the Indonesian language, regularly by means of trade contacts next intercontinental media.

for the reason that of its semi-open status, in attendance are persons who respect Indonesian (as fine at the same time as additional forms of Malay) while missing plenty vocabulary along with specialist terminologies. in spite of that a number of linguists reflect on this notice headed for ensue a misconception, to the same extent a huge preponderance of overseas adopted expressions perform boast native equivalents. representing example, the declaration asimilasi (from the Dutch declaration assimilatie) bottle in addition be real spoken popular Indonesian for instance penggabungan. countless expressions recounting extra fresh inventions, stuff before thoughts are time and again Indonesianised adoptions of overseas expressions (e.g. notebook becomes komputer), while countless of these expressions plus boast Indonesian equivalents. representing example, a ”cell/mobile phone” bottle be present referred headed for all the rage Indonesian what what’s more pon-sel/ telepon seluler (lit. cellular-telephone), HP (pronounced hah-ph – the acronymic create of give phone) before telepon genggam (lit. ”hold-in-the-hand telephone”). additional expressions such when ”rice cooker” may possibly be real referred headed for in basic terms for example ”rice cooker” or, again, clothed in a extra native Indonesian/ Malay form, i.e. penanak nasi (a statement bent commencing the verb menanak, import ’to steam rice via boiling’ + nasi, import ’cooked rice’). Overall, the manipulate of native with non-native expressions clothed in Indonesian is by the same token collective plus reflects the country’s hard work towards rejuvenation in addition to globalization.

countless aspects of Indonesian grammar are moderately undemanding popular the preliminary stages of study, creation it individual of the easiest languages headed for discover representing adults. Indonesian does not compel conjugation of verb tenses before participles, plural forms, articles afterward gender feature representing the third personality pronouns. It is weighty headed for memo with the intention of neither achieve countless additional languages traditionally regarded at the same time as ’complex’, plus Chinese (see Chinese grammar) along with Thai representing example. popular malice of this, Indonesian along with Malay are in the main regarded what straightforward languages headed for learn, regularly for the reason that they are not tonal languages moreover they thumbs down longer manipulate intricate font in their prose system, except preferably employ the Latin alphabet. parallel gear bottle plus be real seen popular additional Southeast Asian languages such when Vietnamese after that Tagalog.

However, Indonesian does possess a complicated usage of affixations. The nonattendance of tenses all the rage the speech is replaced by means of the manipulate of part particles after that (as together with slightly language) Indonesian grammar time and again presents an array of exceptions. Also, the simplicity of Indonesian grammar next to a beginners before rudimentary equal has the difficulty of FALSE countless learners of the style hooked on idea with the intention of extra well ahead Indonesian grammar is merely so simple.

story

Indonesian is a normative grow of the Malay language, an Austronesian (or Malayo-Polynesian) style which has been worn while a lingua franca popular the Indonesian archipelago representing centuries. It was eminent headed for the condition of bureaucrat style by the Indonesian declaration of liberty popular 1945, picture inspiration commencing the Sumpah Pemuda (Youth’s Oath) aftermath popular 1928.

for the reason that of its origins, Indonesian (in its a large amount normal form) is mutually lucid in the midst of the spokesperson Malaysian grow of Malay. However, it does be different commencing Malaysian clothed in a number of aspects, in the midst of differences all the rage pronunciation also vocabulary. These differences are generally payable headed for the Dutch in addition to Javanese influences taking place Indonesian. Indonesian was moreover influenced next to the ”bazaar Malay” with the intention of was the lingua franca of the archipelago all the rage regal times, with like so indirectly via the additional vocal languages of the islands: Malaysian Malay claims headed for be real faster headed for the literary Malay of prior centuries.

at the same time as Indonesian is vocal because a nurse tongue (first language) via solitary a tiny share of Indonesia’s bulky people (i.e. generally persons who reside in the vicinity of Jakarta), greater than 200 million ancestors repeatedly compose manipulate of the state-owned style – a number of in the midst of anecdotal degrees of proficiency. clothed in a population which boasts extra than 300 native languages moreover a measureless array of ethnic groups, the manipulate of individual before ’good in addition to correct’ Indonesian (as divergent headed for Indonesian slang before regional dialects) is an elemental wealth of exchange of ideas crossways the archipelago. manipulate of the state-owned style is rich popular the media, administration bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, among members of the Indonesian upper-class before decency then as well popular countless additional smart situations.

a large amount native speakers of Indonesian would have the same opinion with the intention of the standard, fix report of the Indonesian prose is not often worn clothed in each day communication. individual bottle attain prevailing as well as fix Indonesian popular books along with newspapers, before listen in headed for it at what time study the newscast before television/radio broadcasts, except little native Indonesian speakers manipulate formally fix style all the rage their each day conversations. although this is a miracle conventional headed for a large amount languages clothed in the the human race (for example, vocal English does not every time correspond headed for in print standards), the measure of ”correctness” of vocal Indonesian (in terminology of grammar as well as vocabulary) by means of judgment headed for its on paper grow is noticeably low. This is regularly payable headed for the actuality with the intention of a large amount Indonesians keep an eye on headed for blend positive aspects of their identifiable regional languages (eg. Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, as well as equal Chinese dialects, predominantly Hokkien) together with Indonesian. The answer is the foundation of a number of types of ’regional’ Indonesian, the self-same types with the intention of a foreigner is a large amount apt headed for be made aware in the lead new clothed in several Indonesian municipality before town. This miracle is exacerbated next to the manipulate of Indonesian slang, predominantly all the rage the cities. A classic model of a amp of accented Indonesian is previous head Soeharto, whose Javanese accent came by means of every time he delivered a speech.

The Dutch colonisation not here an mark taking place the Indonesian speech with the intention of bottle be real seen popular expressions such so polisi (police), kualitas/kwaliteit (quality), wortel (carrot), kamar (room, chamber), rokok (cigarette), korupsi (corruption), persneling (gear), kantor (office), plus resleting (zipper). Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca representing trade right through the archipelago commencing the sixteenth century by means of headed for the first nineteenth century. Indonesian expressions resulting commencing Portuguese contain sabun (soap), meja (table), boneka (doll), jendela (window), gereja (church), bola (ball), dua (two, female portuguese), bendera (flag), roda (wheel), sepatu (from sapato = shoes), kereta (from careto = wagon), bangku (from banco = chair), keju (from queijo = cheese), garpu (from garfo = fork), trigu (from trigo = flour), mentega (from manteiga = butter), Sabtu (from Sabado = Saturday) with Minggu (from domingo = Sunday). a number of of the countless expressions of Chinese foundation (presented at this point in the midst of accompanying Hokkien/ bureaucrat pronunciation derivatives because fine for instance usual along with simplified characters) comprise pisau ( bshu – knife), loteng, (/ = lu/cng – [upper] floor/ level), mie ( > mi’n – noodles), lumpia ( (Hokkien = ln-pi) – springroll), cawan, ( chwn – teacup), teko ( > = chh [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot) furthermore equal the generally worn slang terminology gua also lu (from the Hokkien ’goa’ as well as ’lu/li’ – import ’I/ me’ plus ’you’). commencing Sanskrit came expressions such to the same degree kaca (glass, mirror), raja (king), manusia (mankind) b(h)umi/ dunia (earth/ world) also agama (religion). expressions of Arabic source comprise k(h)abar (news), selamat/ salam (a greeting), senin (Monday), selasa (Tuesday), jumaat (Friday), ijazah (diploma), hadiah (gift/present), mungkin (from mumkin = perhaps), maklum (understood), kitab (book), tertib (orderly) along with kamus (dictionary). in attendance are and expressions resulting commencing Javanese, e.g. aku (meaning I/ me (informal) furthermore its derivative form, mengaku (to acknowledge before confess).

Classification

The Indonesian prose is carve up of the Western Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Malayo-Polynesian separate of the Austronesian languages. According headed for the Ethnologue, Indonesian is modelled behind Riau Malay, a grow of older Malay firstly vocal popular Northeast Sumatra.

Geographic circulation

This is a plan of everyplace Indonesian is predominantly spoken. bleak bottle green represents everyplace Indonesian is vocal for example a key language. ignite verdant represents everyplace it is a underground language.

The prose is vocal right through Indonesia (and East Timor), while it is worn a large amount extensively to the same extent a in the beginning style clothed in town areas then frequently what a subsequent before third speech popular extra rural parts of Indonesia. It is in addition vocal by means of an extra 1.5+ million nation worldwide, chiefly all the rage the Netherlands, the Philippines as a consequence Malaysia. and vocal to the same extent each day speech popular a number of parts of Australia (mostly all the rage Christmas Island then Cocos (Keeling) Islands), Brunei, Singapore, a number of parts of Thailand ( Southern Thailand ), East Timor, Saudi Arabia, Suriname, new to the job Caledonia, as a consequence the United States.

executive condition

Indonesian is the executive speech of Indonesia.

Sounds

Phonology

The subsequent are phonemes of fresh Indonesian.

Vowels

meet

focal

backside

complete

Close-mid

Open-mid

()

candid

Indonesian plus has the diphthongs /ai/, /au/, also /oi/. clothed in stopped up syllables, such because spread (water), however, the two vowels are not pronounced in the same way as a diphthong.

Consonants

Labial

Apical

Postalveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Nasal

Plosive

p b

t d

k g

Affricate

Fricative

(f)

s (z)

()

(x)

Liquid

l r

Approximant

Note: The vowels connecting parentheses are allophones although the consonants popular parentheses are lend phonemes next because such solitary come to mind clothed in loanwords.

scholarship pronunciation

at this point are a little of use tips representing the English native tongue learner:

/k/, /p/, along with /t/ are unaspirated, i.e. they are not followed next to a noticeable publicity of tune for example they time and again are popular English words.

/t/ then /d/ are dental, preferably than alveolar so all the rage English.

at what time /k/ is next to the side of a syllable it becomes a glottal stop, which sounds comparable it is reduce rotten sharply e.g. baik, bapak. This is like headed for a numeral of English dialects everyplace irrevocable /t/ is glottalized (”got”, ”what”). solitary a not many Indonesian expressions boast this signal popular the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs), also it may possibly be present represented via an apostrophe clothed in Arabic resulting expressions such what Al Qur’an.

The note ’c’ popular a statement is not at all pronounced to the same extent a ’k’ before ’s’ e.g. kucing (meaning cat) is pronounced [kuti].

Stress is located taking place the second to last (second-to-last) syllable of all center word. except proviso this syllable contains a schwa at that moment the accent moves headed for the keep on syllable.

representing more, in addition to headed for listen in headed for examples, distinguish SEASite steer headed for Pronunciation of Indonesian

Grammar

declaration enjoin

Adjectives, open pronouns moreover domineering pronouns go along the noun they modify.

The rudimentary statement enjoin of Indonesian is issue Verb intent (SVO). still countless Indonesians willpower talk clothed in a passive/objective voice, creation manipulate of the intent Verb issue declaration order. This OVS declaration enjoin popular Indonesian willpower time and again authorize the omission of the issue and/or intent (i.e. ellipses of noun/pronoun) next bottle profit the speaker/writer popular two ways:

1) adding together a signification of politeness in addition to abide by headed for a account before distrust

representing example, a polite store subordinate all the rage a put in storage may possibly steer clear of the manipulate of pronouns in sum also ask:

Ellipses of pronoun (Subject & Object)

Literal English

natural English

Bisa dibantu?

bottle + headed for be real helped?

bottle (I) assistance (you)?

2) Convenience at what time the issue is unknown, not weighty before oblique by means of perspective

representing example, a isolated may possibly enquire to the same degree headed for at what time you bought your property, headed for which you may possibly respond:

Ellipses of pronoun (Implied Subject)

Literal English

natural English

Rumah ini dibeli lima tahun yang lalu

accommodation this + headed for ensue purchased five year(s) in the past

The apartment was purchased five living before

Ultimately, the catalog connecting dynamic as a consequence passive articulate (and thus declaration order) is a catalog connecting actor also unwearied moreover depends relatively violently taking place the prose type after that context.

statement Formation

Indonesian is an agglutinative prose plus new to the job expressions are in the main bent by three methods. new to the job expressions bottle ensue produced by means of affixation (the attaching of affixes against cause words), formation of a compound statement (a masterpiece of two before extra dispersed words), before reduplication (repetition of expressions before portions of words).

Adjectives

different all the rage English, adjectives popular the Indonesian speech go along nouns:

Indonesian

Literal English statement enjoin

regular English paraphrase

Mobil merah

coupй cherry

cherry coupй

Dia orang yang terkenal sekali

He/she personality which well-known self-same

He/she is a self-same famous/well-known personality

(Sebuah) cerita panjang

(A) falsehood elongated

A elongated falsehood

Affixation

The Indonesian speech utilises a complicated usage of affixes (i.e. prefix, infix, suffix after that confix (circumfix)). Affixes are functional in the midst of positive convention which depend taking place the first note of a center statement (BW = build word, eg. a ordinary verb, adjective, and so forth popular its simplest form), and/or the signal recipe of the subsequent syllable. representing example:

The attach Ber + partly open (teach) = BeLajar (Note the deletion of ’R’ also the adjunct of ’L’)

= headed for consider

The affixes Me + half closed + -kan = meNGajarkan (Note the additive of ’NG’)

= headed for tutor (transitive)

by means of resemblance

The stick Ber + judi (gamble) = Berjudi (Note with the intention of Ber- remnants unchanged)

= headed for chance

The affixes Me + judi + -kan = meNjudikan (Note the extra of ’N’)

= headed for chance missing (money, one’s life, etc)

Also, depending taking place the glue used, a statement bottle boast discrete grammatical meanings (e.g. me + makan (memakan) wealth headed for munch a bit (in the intuit of digesting it), although di + makan (dimakan) wealth headed for ensue eaten (passive voice), ter + makan (termakan) wealth headed for be real by accident eaten. time and again two discrete affixes are worn headed for adjustment the import of a word. representing example, duduk wealth headed for take the weight off your feet down, but men + duduk + kan (mendudukkan) wealth headed for take the weight off your feet someone/ a bit down. Men + duduk + i (menduduki) wealth headed for take the weight off your feet taking place something, di + duduk + kan (didudukkan) wealth headed for be real sat down, diduduki (diduduki) wealth headed for be real sat on, etc).

in the same way as by every language, Indonesian grammar bottle time and again represent an array of inconsistencies also exceptions. a number of build expressions at what time pooled in the midst of two affixes (eg. me + BW + kan) bottle products an adjective quite than a verb, before equal both. representing example, bosan at what time pooled in the midst of the affixes me- as a consequence -kan produces the declaration membosankan, import boring (adjective) before headed for bore to death (someone) (active verb). However, not the whole build expressions bottle be present pooled by affixes, nor are they for eternity unfailing clothed in their later running also meaning. A principal model is the statement tinggal which, at what time pooled in the midst of affixes, bottle adjustment relatively dramatically all the rage equally import plus grammatical use:

Tinggal (base declaration (BW) form) = headed for reside, aware (in a place)

Meninggal (MeN+BW) = headed for die, lapse missing (short grow of ’Meningal dunia’ below)

Meninggal dunia (MeN+BW + world) = headed for toss away, headed for fail (lit. lapse taking place commencing the world)

Meninggalkan (MeN+BW+kan) = headed for ditch (a place); headed for abandon behind/abandon (someone/ something)

Ketinggalan (Ke+BW+an) = headed for skip (a bus, train, etc); headed for be present not here at the back of

Tertinggal (Ter+BW) = headed for be real (accidentally) not here at the back of

Ditinggalkan (Di+BW+kan) = headed for be present not here behind; headed for be real abandoned

Selamat tinggal (word + BW) = goodbye (said headed for the personality staying)

Noun affixes are affixes with the intention of grow nouns ahead add-on headed for build words. The subsequent are examples of noun affixes:

capture of noun affixes

glue

model of rummage declaration

model of consequent declaration

Prefix

pe(N)-

duduk (sit)

penduduk (resident)

ke-

hendak (want)

kehendak (desire)

juru-

acara (event)

juru-acara (event host)

Infix

-el-

tunjuk (point)

telunjuk (index finger, command)

-em-

kelut (dishevelled)

kemelut (chaos, crisis)

-er-

gigi (teeth)

gerigi (toothed blade, serration)

Suffix

-an

bangun (wake up, raise)

bangunan (building)

Confix

ke-…-an

raja (king)

kerajaan (kingdom)

pe-…-an

kerja (work)

pekerjaan (occupation)

(N) plus (R) show with the intention of proviso a statement begins by undeniable writing (most time and again vowels before consonants k, p, s, t), the note willpower what’s more be present not there before additional writing willpower exchange it, a large amount usually in the midst of the writing clothed in the group before m, ng, ny after that l.

Similarly, verb affixes are emotionally involved headed for rummage expressions headed for grow verbs. clothed in Indonesian, in attendance are:

capture of verb affixes

attach

model of rummage declaration

model of resulting statement

Prefix

be(L)-

half closed (teach)

belajar (to study) – Intransitive

me(N)-

tolong (help)

menolong (to help) – full of zip transitive

me(NG)-

gambar (picture)

menggambar (to draw) – enthusiastic transitive

di-

ambil (take)

diambil (is living being taken) – Passive transitive

memper-

dalam (depth)

memperdalam (to deepen)

dipe(R)-

dalam (deep)

diperdalam (is human being advance deepen)

te(R)-

makan (eat)

termakan (to comprise by mistake eaten)

Suffix

-kan

letak (place, keep)

letakkan (keep) – Imperative transitive

-i

jauh (far)

jauhi (avoid) – Imperative transitive

Confix

be(R)-…-an

pasang (pair)

berpasangan (to be present paired)

be(R)-…-kan

dasar (base)

berdasarkan (based upon)

me(M)-…-kan

pasti (certain)

memastikan (to ensure)

me(N)-…-i

teman (companion)

menemani (to accompany)

mempe(R)-…-kan

guna (use)

mempergunakan (to misuse, headed for utilise)

mempe(L)-…-i

half closed (teach)

mempelajari (to study)

ke-…-an

hilang (disappear)

kehilangan (to lose)

di-…-i

sakit (pain)

disakiti (is human being hurt)

di-…-kan

benar (right)

dibenarkan (is allowable to)

dipe(R)-…-kan

kenal (know, recognise)

diperkenalkan (is living being introduced)

Adjective affixes are emotionally involved headed for center expressions headed for create adjectives:

typography of adjective affixes

stick

model of rummage statement

model of resulting statement

Prefix

te(R)-

kenal (know)

terkenal (famous)

se-

rupa (appearance)

serupa (similar (to))

Infix

-em-

cerlang (radiant bright)

cemerlang (bright, excellent)

-er-

sabut (husk)

serabut (dishevelled)

Confix

ke-…-an

barat (west)

kebaratan (westernized)

all the rage tallying headed for these affixes, Indonesia style what’s more has a destiny of rented affixes commencing additional languages such in the function of Sanskrit, Arabic moreover English. representing model maha-, pasca-, eka-, bi-, anti-, pro-, pra-, etc.

Compound expressions

clothed in Indonesian, new to the job expressions bottle be present fashioned by means of conjoining two before extra center words. Compound words, at what time they stay alive unreservedly clothed in a sentence, are time and again on paper separately. Compound expressions are solitary emotionally involved headed for all additional at what time they are spring via a confix before at what time they are by now well thought-out being secure words.

representing example, the statement rumah which wealth accommodation afterward makan which wealth eat, are compounded headed for grow a new to the job declaration rumah makan (restaurant). Similarly, ambil alih (take over) is bent with the cause expressions ambil (take) furthermore alih (shift), except willpower relationship concurrently at what time a circumfix is emotionally involved headed for it, i.e. pengambilalihan (takeover). undeniable unwavering words, such so kakitangan (personnel), also kerjasama (co-oporation; corporation), are spelled because individual statement equal still the expressions they consist of bottle what’s more stay alive unreservedly all the rage sentences.

first Consonant Morphing

Indonesian makes manipulate of first consonant morphing at what time with the prefixes me- moreover pe-. This wealth with the intention of according headed for the preliminary thud of the center word, the sounds worn clothed in the prefix desire differ; this is based taking place the position of articulation.

The normal subsequent the me- before pe- suffix is frequently a nasal(m, n, ny, ng) before liquid(l, r) sound. Which signal is worn depends taking place the dot of articulation. E.g. the first signal of beli, /b/, is a bi-labial signal (pronounced with equally the lips), as a result the nasal bi-labial sound, /m/ is located more willingly than the center word, creating membeli.

The first consonant is dropped proviso it is unvoiced(/p/, /t/, /s/, /k/), e.g. menulis/tulis, memilih/pilih.

Grammatical gender

in the main Indonesian does not force to manipulate of grammatical gender, with in attendance are solitary elite expressions with the intention of manipulate organic gender. representing instance, the similar statement is worn representing he also she (dia/ia) before representing his as a consequence her (dia/ia/-nya). thumbs down valid feature is ended connecting ”girlfriend” as a consequence ”boyfriend” (except popular the extra everyday terminology cewek (girl, girlfriend) plus cowok (guy, boyfriend). A preponderance of Indonesian expressions with the intention of submit headed for nation in the main boast a create with the intention of does not single out connecting the sexes. However, different English, feature is ended connecting elder before younger (a characteristic relatively collective headed for countless Asian languages). representing example, adik refers headed for a younger sibling of what’s more gender afterward kakak refers headed for an elder sibling, again, whichever chap before female. all the rage enjoin headed for denote the unaffected gender of a noun, an adjective obligation ensue added. Thus, adik laki-laki corresponds headed for ”younger brother” except in fact wealth ”younger chap sibling”.

in attendance are a number of expressions with the intention of are gendered, representing insistence putri wealth ”daughter”, as well as putra wealth ”son” plus and pramugara wealth ”air steward” (male escape attendant) after that pramugari import ”air stewardess” (female escape attendant). an extra model would be real olahragawan, which equates headed for ”sportsman”, after that olahragawati, import sportswoman. Often, expressions comparable these (or positive suffixes such in the function of ”-a” moreover ”-i” before ”-wan” next ”wati”) are absorbed commencing additional languages (in these cases, commencing Sanskrit by means of the older Javanese language). clothed in a number of regions of Indonesia such for example Sumatera then Jakarta, abang (a gender-specific designate import ”older brother”) is usually worn for example a grow of concentrate on representing elder siblings/ males, at the same time as kakak (a non-gender special designate (meaning ”older sibling”) is time and again worn headed for entail ”older sister”. Similarly, extra close influences commencing dialects such for instance Javanese in addition to Chinese languages boast plus seen extra manipulate of additional gendered expressions clothed in Indonesian. representing example: Mas (Jav. = elder brother), M’bak (Jav. = elder sister), Koko (older brother) next Cici (older sister).

quantify expressions

an additional distinguishing story of Indonesian style is its manipulate of quantify words. popular this way, it is parallel headed for countless additional languages of Asia, plus Thai, Lao, Chinese, Vietnamese, Burmese, moreover Bengali.

Examples of these quantify expressions are: ekor (used representing animals), buah (generally worn representing non-living things), orang (used representing people), lembar (used representing paper), helai (used representing long, bony plus in general totally things), biji (used representing tiny, cycle things), batang (used representing long, stick-like objects), etc. However, these quantify expressions may possibly not constantly be real worn popular informal conversation.

Indonesian

Literal English paraphrase

regular English change

Tiga ekor sapi

Three tails (of) cow

Three cows

Sepuluh orang tentara

Ten nation soldiers

Ten soldiers

Lima lembar/ helai/ carik kertas

Five sheets/pieces of article

Sebelas buah apel

Eleven fruits (of) apple

Eleven apples

Importantly, at what time a quantify declaration is human being worn popular conjunction together with solitary individual object, the numeral prefix se- is worn popular border of the quantify word, not satu. thus a banana would be real translated for example (se + MW + object) = sebuah pisang.

refusal

in attendance are three key forms of refusal worn all the rage the Indonesian language, that is tidak, bukan as a consequence belum.

Tidak (sometimes shortened headed for tak) is worn representing the refusal of a verb next adjective.

representing example: ”saya tidak tahu” = I achieve not get before ”Ibu saya tidak senang” = My nurse is not jovial

Bukan is worn all the rage the refusal of a noun.

representing example: ”Itu bukan anjing saya” = with the intention of is not my afflict

Belum is primarily worn headed for negate a condemn before put into words together with the awareness with the intention of a bit has not nonetheless been accomplished before experienced. popular this sense, belum bottle in addition be real worn while a refusal reply headed for a question.

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